Legal glossary قانونی اصطلاحات
Terms used in Pakistani courts, in English and Urdu. Where a statute defines a term, its official definition is quoted.
41 terms
Abduction
اغوا بالجبر
Compelling by force, or inducing by deceit, a person to go from any place.
زبردستی یا دھوکے سے کسی کو کسی جگہ سے جانے پر مجبور کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 362, PPC›
Whoever by force compels, or by any deceitful means induces, any person to go from any place, is said to abduct that person.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawAbetment
اعانت جرم
Instigating, conspiring in, or intentionally aiding the commission of an offence.
جرم پر اکسانا، اس کی سازش میں شریک ہونا، یا جان بوجھ کر مدد کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 107, PPC›
A person abets the doing of a thing, who— First.— Instigates any person to do that thing ; or, Secondly. __ Engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing ; or Thirdly. __ Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1. __ A person who, by willful misrepresentation, or by willful concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing.
Illustration A, a public officer, is authorized by a warrant from a Court of Justice to apprehend Z. B, knowing that fact and also that C is not Z, willfully represents to A that C is Z, and thereby intentionally causes A to apprehend C. Here B abets by instigation the apprehension of C.
Explanation 2. __ Whoever, either prior to or at the time of the commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawAccused
ملزم
A person charged with or suspected of an offence.
وہ شخص جس پر جرم کا الزام ہو۔
Criminal lawAcquittal
بریت
A finding that the accused is not guilty, ending the case against him.
یہ فیصلہ کہ ملزم بے قصور ہے، جس سے اس کے خلاف مقدمہ ختم ہو جاتا ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. ss. 249-A, 265-KBail
ضمانت
Release of an accused from custody on a promise, backed by sureties, to appear before the court when required.
ملزم کی اس شرط پر رہائی کہ وہ ضامنوں کی ضمانت کے ساتھ طلبی پر عدالت میں حاضر ہوگا۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. ss. 496–498Bail bond
مچلکہ
The written undertaking, with an amount, given by the accused and sureties for release on bail.
رقم کے ساتھ وہ تحریری عہد جو ملزم اور ضامن ضمانت پر رہائی کے لیے دیتے ہیں۔
Criminal lawBailable offence
قابل ضمانت جرم
An offence in which the accused is entitled to bail as of right.
وہ جرم جس میں ملزم کو ضمانت بطور حق ملتی ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 4(1)(b), s. 496Challan
چالان
The police report submitted to the court on completion of investigation.
تفتیش مکمل ہونے پر پولیس کی عدالت میں پیش کردہ رپورٹ۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 173Charge
فرد جرم
The formal statement of the offence the accused is to be tried for, framed by the court.
عدالت کی طرف سے مرتب کردہ اس جرم کا باضابطہ بیان جس پر ملزم کا ٹرائل ہوگا۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. ss. 221 onwardsCheating
دھوکہ دہی
Deceiving a person and so inducing him to deliver property or do something he would not otherwise do.
کسی کو دھوکہ دے کر مال حوالے کرنے یا ایسا کام کرنے پر آمادہ کرنا جو وہ ورنہ نہ کرتا۔
Official definition: Section 415, PPC›
Whoever, by deceiving any person, fraudulently or dishonest1y induces the person so deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to consent that any person shall retain any property, or intentionally induces the person so deceived to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and which act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person [or any other person] in body, mind, reputation or property, is said to “cheat”.
Explanation. __ A dishonest concealment of facts is a deception within the meaning of this section.
Illustrations
(a) A, by falsely pretending to be in the Civil Service, intentionally deceives Z, and thus dishonestly induces Z to let him have on credit goods for which he does not mean, to pay. A cheats.
(b) A, by putting a counterfeit mark on an article, intentionally deceives Z into a belief that this article was made by a certain celebrated manufacturer, and thus dishonestly induces Z to buy and pay for the article. A cheats.
(c) A, by exhibiting to Z a false sample of an article, intentionally deceives Z into believing that the article corresponds with the sample, and thereby dishonestly induces Z to buy and pay for the article. A cheats.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawCognizable offence
قابل دست اندازی پولیس جرم
An offence for which the police may arrest without a warrant.
وہ جرم جس میں پولیس وارنٹ کے بغیر گرفتار کر سکتی ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 4(1)(f)Common intention
مشترکہ نیت
When several persons commit a criminal act in furtherance of their common intention, each is liable as if he had done it alone.
جب کئی افراد مشترکہ نیت سے جرم کریں تو ہر ایک اس طرح ذمہ دار ہے جیسے اس نے اکیلے کیا ہو۔
Official definition: Section 34, PPC›
[When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.]
Read the full provisionCriminal lawComplainant
مستغیث
The person who reports an offence or files a complaint.
وہ شخص جو جرم کی اطلاع دے یا استغاثہ دائر کرے۔
Criminal lawCompounding
راضی نامہ
Settlement of an offence between the victim and the accused where the law allows it, ending the case.
جہاں قانون اجازت دے وہاں متاثرہ فریق اور ملزم کے درمیان صلح جس سے مقدمہ ختم ہو جاتا ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 345Conviction
سزا یابی
A finding by the court that the accused is guilty.
عدالت کا یہ فیصلہ کہ ملزم قصوروار ہے۔
Criminal lawCriminal breach of trust
مجرمانہ خیانت
Dishonestly misappropriating or using property entrusted to a person.
سپرد کردہ مال کو بددیانتی سے خورد برد یا استعمال کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 405, PPC›
Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or wilfully suffers any other person so to do, commits “criminal breach of trust”.
Illustrations
(a) A, being executor to the will of a deceased person, dishonestly disobeys the law which directs him to divide the effects according to the will, and appropriates them to his own use. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(b) A is a warehouse-keeper. Z, going on a journey, entrusts his furniture to A, under a contract that it shall be returned on payment of a stipulated sum for warehouse-room. A dishonestly sells the goods. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(c) A, residing in [Dacca], is agent for Z, residing at [Lahore]. There is an express or implied contract between A and Z, that all sums remitted by Z to A shall be invested by A, according to Z’s direction. Z, remits a lakh of rupees to A, with directions to A to invest the same in Company’s paper. A dishonestly disobeys the directions and employs the money in his own business. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(d) But if A, in the last illustration, not dishonestly but in good faith, believing that it will be more for Z’s advantage to hold shares in the Bank of Bengal, disobeys Z’s directions, and buys shares in the Bank of Bengal, for Z, instead of buying Company’s paper, here, though Z should suffer loss, and should be entitled to bring a civil action against A, on account of that loss, yet A, not having acted dishonestly, has not committed criminal breach of trust.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawCriminal conspiracy
مجرمانہ سازش
An agreement between two or more persons to do an illegal act, or a legal act by illegal means.
دو یا زیادہ افراد کا کوئی غیر قانونی کام، یا جائز کام ناجائز ذرائع سے کرنے کا معاہدہ۔
Official definition: Section 120-A, PPC›
When two or more persons agree to do, or cause to be done,
(1) an illegal act, or
(2) an act which is not illegal by illegal means, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy:
Provided that no agreement except an agreement to commit an offence shall amount to a criminal conspiracy unless some act besides the agreement is done by one or more parties to such agreement in pursuance thereof.
Explanation. __ It is immaterial whether the illegal act is the ultimate object of such agreement, or is merely incidental to that object.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawCriminal intimidation
مجرمانہ دھمکی
Threatening a person with injury to cause alarm or to make him do or not do something.
کسی کو خوفزدہ کرنے یا کوئی کام کرانے یا روکنے کے لیے نقصان کی دھمکی دینا۔
Official definition: Section 503, PPC›
Whoever threatens another with any injury to his person, reputation or property, or to the person or reputation of any one in whom that person is interested, with intent to cause alarm to that person, or to cause that person to do any act which he is not legally bound to do, or to omit to do any act which that person is legally entitled to do, as the means of avoiding the execution of such threat, commits criminal intimidation.
Explanation. __ A threat to injure the reputation of any deceased person in whom the person threatened is interested, is within this section.
Illustration A, for the purpose of inducing B to desist from prosecuting a civil suit, threatens to burn B’s house. A is guilty of criminal intimidation.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawCriminal trespass
مجرمانہ مداخلت بے جا
Entering or remaining on another's property with intent to commit an offence, intimidate, insult or annoy.
جرم، دھمکی، توہین یا تنگ کرنے کی نیت سے کسی کی جائیداد میں داخل ہونا یا رہنا۔
Official definition: Section 441, PPC›
Whoever enters into or upon property in the possession of another with intent to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult or annoy any person in possession of such property, or, having lawfully entered into or upon such property, unlawfully remains therewith intent thereby to intimidate, insult or annoy any such person, or with intent to commit an offence, is said to commit “criminal trespass”.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawDacoity
ڈکیتی
Robbery committed by five or more persons together.
پانچ یا زیادہ افراد کا مل کر راہزنی کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 391, PPC›
When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery, or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit a robbery, and persons present and aiding such commission or attempt, amount to five or more every person so committing, attempting or aiding, is said to commit “dacoity”.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawDefamation
ازالہ حیثیت عرفی
Making or publishing an imputation intending to harm, or knowing it will harm, a person's reputation.
کسی کی ساکھ کو نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت یا علم کے ساتھ الزام لگانا یا شائع کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 499, PPC›
Whoever by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said, except in the cases hereinafter excepted, to defame that person [.]
(2) * * * * * * *
Explanation 1. __ It may amount to defamation to impute anything to a deceased person, if the imputation would harm the reputation of that person if living, and is intended to be hurtful to the feelings of his family or other near relatives.
Explanation 2. __ It may amount to defamation to make an imputation concerning a company or an association or collection of persons as such.
Explanation 3. __ An imputation in the form of an alternative or expressed ironically, may amount to defamation.
Explanation 4. __ No imputation is said to harm a person’s reputation, unless that imputation directly or indirectly, in the estimation of others, lowers the moral or intellectual character of that person, or lowers the character of that person in respect of his caste or of his calling, or lowers the credit of that person, or causes it to be believed that the body of that person is in a loath some state, or in a state generally considered as disgraceful.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawDishonestly
بددیانتی سے
Doing something with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another.
کسی کو ناجائز فائدہ یا کسی دوسرے کو ناجائز نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت سے کوئی کام کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 24, PPC›
Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly".
Read the full provisionCriminal lawExtortion
بھتہ خوری
Dishonestly inducing a person, by putting him in fear of injury, to deliver property.
کسی کو نقصان کا خوف دلا کر بددیانتی سے مال حوالے کرنے پر مجبور کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 383, PPC›
Whoever intentionally puts any person in fear of any injury to that person, or to any other, and thereby dishonestly induces the person so put in fear to deliver to any person any property or valuable security or anything signed or sealed which may be converted into a valuable security, commits “extortion”.
Illustrations
(a) A threatens to publish a defamatory libel concerning Z unless Z gives him money. He thus induces Z to give him money. A has committed extortion.
(b) A threatens Z that he will keep Z’s child in wrongful confinement unless Z will sign and deliver to A a promissory note binding Z to pay certain money to A. Z signs and delivers the note. A has committed extortion.
(c) A threatens to send clubmen to plough up Z’s field unless Z will sign and deliver to B a bond binding Z under a penalty to deliver certain produce to B, and thereby induces Z to sign and deliver the bond. A has committed extortion.
(d) A, by putting Z in fear of grievous hurt, dishonestly induces Z to sign or affix his seal to a blank paper and deliver it to A. Z signs and delivers the paper to A.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawFirst Information Report (FIR)
ابتدائی اطلاعی رپورٹ
The information about a cognizable offence recorded by the police officer in charge of a police station; it sets the investigation in motion.
قابل دست اندازی جرم کی وہ اطلاع جو تھانے کا انچارج درج کرتا ہے اور جس سے تفتیش شروع ہوتی ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 154Fraudulently
دھوکہ دہی سے
Doing something with intent to defraud.
دھوکہ دینے کی نیت سے کوئی کام کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 25, PPC›
A person is said to do a thing fraudulently if he does that thing with intent to defraud but not otherwise.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawGood faith
نیک نیتی
Something is done in good faith only if done with due care and attention.
کوئی کام نیک نیتی سے صرف اس وقت سمجھا جاتا ہے جب پوری احتیاط اور توجہ سے کیا جائے۔
Official definition: Section 52, PPC›
Nothing is said to be done or believed in “good faith” which is done or believed without due care and attention.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawKidnapping
اغوا
Taking a person out of Pakistan, or a minor or person of unsound mind out of lawful guardianship, without consent.
کسی کو پاکستان سے باہر لے جانا، یا نابالغ یا فاتر العقل کو جائز ولی کی رضامندی کے بغیر لے جانا۔
Official definition: Section 359, PPC›
Kidnapping is of two kinds: kidnapping from [Pakistan], and kidnapping from lawful guardianship.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawNon-bailable offence
ناقابل ضمانت جرم
An offence in which bail is at the court's discretion, not a right.
وہ جرم جس میں ضمانت حق نہیں بلکہ عدالت کی صوابدید ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 497Offence
جرم
An act or omission made punishable by law.
وہ فعل یا ترک فعل جسے قانون نے قابل سزا قرار دیا ہو۔
Official definition: Section 40, PPC›
[Except in the [chapters] and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word "offence" denotes a thing made punishable by this Code.
In Chapter IV, [Chapter VA] and in the following sections, namely, sections [64,] [65,] [66,] [67,] [71,] 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 187, 194, 195, 203, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388, 389, and 445, the word "offence" denotes a thing punishable under this Code, or under any special or local law as hereinafter defined.
And in sections 141, 176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441 the word "offence" has the same meaning when the thing punishable under the special or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards, whether with or without fine.]
Read the full provisionCriminal lawPost-arrest bail
ضمانت بعد از گرفتاری
Bail granted to an accused who is already in custody.
زیر حراست ملزم کو دی جانے والی ضمانت۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 497Pre-arrest bail
ضمانت قبل از گرفتاری
Bail granted before arrest to protect a person from arrest, usually where the case is alleged to be false or mala fide.
گرفتاری سے پہلے دی جانے والی ضمانت، عموماً جب مقدمہ جھوٹا یا بدنیتی پر مبنی ہونے کا دعویٰ ہو۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 498Private complaint
استغاثہ
A complaint made directly to a Magistrate or Court of Session, instead of through the police.
پولیس کے بجائے براہ راست مجسٹریٹ یا سیشن عدالت میں دائر کی گئی شکایت۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 200Proclaimed offender
اشتہاری مجرم
A person who has absconded and been publicly proclaimed by the court to appear.
وہ شخص جو مفرور ہو اور عدالت نے اشتہار کے ذریعے حاضری کا حکم دیا ہو۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 87Public servant
سرکاری ملازم
The categories of officials the Penal Code treats as public servants.
وہ سرکاری عہدیدار جنہیں تعزیرات پاکستان سرکاری ملازم قرار دیتی ہے۔
Official definition: Section 21, PPC›
The words “public servant” denote a person falling under any of the descriptions hereinafter following, namely: __ [* * * * * * *] Second. __ Every Commissioned Officer in the Military [Naval or Air] Forces of [Pakistan] while serving under [the [Federal Government] or any Provincial Government]; Third. __ Every Judge ; Fourth. __ Every officer of a Court of Justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate, or keep any document, or to take charge or dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to interpret, or to preserve order in the Court ; and every person specially authorized by a Court of Justice to perform any of such duties ; Fifth. __ Every juryman, assessor, or member of a panchayat assisting a Court of Justice or public servant ; Sixth. __ Every arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred for decision or report by any Court of Justice, or by any other competent public authority ; Seventh. __ Every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any person in confinement ; Eighth. __ Every officer of l [the Government] whose duty it is, as such officer, to prevent offences, to give information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or to protect the public health, safety or convenience ; Nineth. __ Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property on behalf of l [the Government], or to make any survey, assessment or contract on behalf of l [the Government], or to execute any revenue-process, or to investigate, or to report, on any matter affecting the pecuniary interests of l [the Government], or to make, authenticate or keep any document relating to the pecuniary interests of l [the Government], or to prevent the infraction of any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of [the Government], and every officer in the service or pay of l [the Government] or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty ; Tenth. __ Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property, to make any survey or assessment or to levy any rate or tax for any secular common purpose of any village, town or district, or to make, authenticate or keep any document for the ascertaining of the rights of the people of any village, town or district ; [Eleventh. __ Every person who holds any office in virtue of which he is empowered to prepare, publish, maintain or revise an electoral roll or to conduct an election or part of an election.]
Illustration A Municipal Commissioner is a public servant.
Explanation 1. __ Persons falling under any of the above descriptions are public servants, whether appointed by the Government or not.
Explanation 2. __ Wherever the words “public servant” occur, they shall be understood of every person who is in actual possession of the situation of a public servant, whatever legal defect there may be in his right to hold that situation.
[Explanation 3. __ The word “election” denotes an election for the purpose of selecting members of any legislative, municipal or other public authority, of whatever character, the method of selection to which is by, or under, any law prescribed as by election.]
Read the full provisionCriminal lawRemand
ریمانڈ
An order keeping an arrested person in police custody (physical remand) or in jail (judicial remand) during investigation.
تفتیش کے دوران گرفتار شخص کو پولیس کی تحویل (جسمانی ریمانڈ) یا جیل (جوڈیشل ریمانڈ) میں رکھنے کا حکم۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 167Robbery
راہزنی
Theft or extortion accompanied by causing or threatening death, hurt or wrongful restraint.
چوری یا بھتہ خوری جس کے ساتھ موت، ضرر یا ناجائز روک کا ارتکاب یا دھمکی ہو۔
Official definition: Section 390, PPC›
In all robbery there is either theft or extortion.
When theft is robbery. Theft is “robbery” if, in order to the committing of the theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.
When extortion is robbery. Extortion is “robbery” if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear, and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint to that person, or to some other person, and, by so putting in fear, induces the person so put in fear then and there to deliver up the thing extorted.
Explanation. __ The offender is said to be present if he is sufficiently near to put the other person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.
Illustrations
(a) A holds Z down, and fraudulently takes Z’s money and jewels from Z’s clothes, without Z’s consent. Here A has committed theft, and, in order to the committing of that theft, has voluntarily caused wrongful restraint to Z. A has therefore committed robbery.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawSurety
ضامن
A person who guarantees that the accused will appear, and is liable on the bond if he does not.
وہ شخص جو ملزم کی حاضری کی ذمہ داری لیتا ہے اور عدم حاضری پر مچلکے کا ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔
Criminal lawTheft
چوری
Dishonestly taking movable property out of another's possession without consent.
کسی کی رضامندی کے بغیر بددیانتی سے اس کے قبضے سے منقولہ مال لے جانا۔
Official definition: Section 378, PPC›
Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft.
Explanation 1. __ A thing so long as it is attached to the earth, not being moveable property, is not the subject of theft; but it becomes capable of being the subject of theft as soon as it is severed from the earth.
Explanation 2. __ A moving effected by the same act which effects the severance may be a theft.
Explanation 3. __ A person is said to cause a thing to move by removing an obstacle which prevented it from moving or by separating it from any other thing, as well as by actually moving it.
Explanation 4. __ A person, who by any means causes an animal to move, is said to move that animal, and to move everything which, in consequence of the motion so caused, is moved by that animal.
Explanation 5. __ The consent mentioned in the definition may be expressed or implied, and may be given either by the person in possession, or by any person having for that purpose authority either express or implied.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawWrongful confinement
حبس بے جا
Restraining a person so as to prevent him from going beyond certain limits.
کسی کو اس طرح روکنا کہ وہ مخصوص حدود سے باہر نہ جا سکے۔
Official definition: Section 340, PPC›
Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said “wrongfully to confine” that person.
Illustrations
(a) A causes Z to go within a walled space, and locks Z in. Z is than prevented from proceeding in any direction beyond the circumscribing line of wall. A wrongfully confines Z.
(b) A places men with firearms at the outlets of a building, and tells Z that they will fire at Z if Z attempts to leave the building. A wrongfully confines Z.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawWrongful gain / wrongful loss
ناجائز فائدہ / ناجائز نقصان
Gain or loss of property by unlawful means.
غیر قانونی ذرائع سے جائیداد کا حصول یا نقصان۔
Official definition: Section 23, PPC›
“Wrongful gain” is gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.
“Wrongful loss”. “Wrongful loss” is the loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing it is legally entitled.
Gaining wrongfully. Losing wrongfully. A person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of property.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawWrongful restraint
ناجائز مزاحمت
Obstructing a person so as to prevent him from going where he has a right to go.
کسی کو وہاں جانے سے روکنا جہاں جانے کا اسے حق ہو۔
Official definition: Section 339, PPC›
Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person.
Exception. __ The obstruction of a private way over land or water which a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct, is not an offence within the meaning of this section.
Illustration A obstructs a path along which Z has a right to pass, A not believing in good faith that he has a right to stop the path. Z is thereby prevented from passing. A wrongfully restrains Z.
Read the full provisionCriminal law
Plain explanations in English and Urdu are DastoorAI's summaries, not legal text. Official definitions are quoted from the Constitution and the Pakistan Penal Code.