Legal glossary قانونی اصطلاحات
Terms used in Pakistani courts, in English and Urdu. Where a statute defines a term, its official definition is quoted.
113 terms
Abduction
اغوا بالجبر
Compelling by force, or inducing by deceit, a person to go from any place.
زبردستی یا دھوکے سے کسی کو کسی جگہ سے جانے پر مجبور کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 362, PPC›
Whoever by force compels, or by any deceitful means induces, any person to go from any place, is said to abduct that person.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawAbetment
اعانت جرم
Instigating, conspiring in, or intentionally aiding the commission of an offence.
جرم پر اکسانا، اس کی سازش میں شریک ہونا، یا جان بوجھ کر مدد کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 107, PPC›
A person abets the doing of a thing, who— First.— Instigates any person to do that thing ; or, Secondly. __ Engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing ; or Thirdly. __ Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1. __ A person who, by willful misrepresentation, or by willful concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing.
Illustration A, a public officer, is authorized by a warrant from a Court of Justice to apprehend Z. B, knowing that fact and also that C is not Z, willfully represents to A that C is Z, and thereby intentionally causes A to apprehend C. Here B abets by instigation the apprehension of C.
Explanation 2. __ Whoever, either prior to or at the time of the commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawAccused
ملزم
A person charged with or suspected of an offence.
وہ شخص جس پر جرم کا الزام ہو۔
Criminal lawAcquittal
بریت
A finding that the accused is not guilty, ending the case against him.
یہ فیصلہ کہ ملزم بے قصور ہے، جس سے اس کے خلاف مقدمہ ختم ہو جاتا ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. ss. 249-A, 265-KAdjournment
التوا
Postponement of a hearing to another date.
سماعت کو کسی دوسری تاریخ تک ملتوی کرنا۔
Courts & procedureAffidavit
بیان حلفی
A written statement of facts sworn or affirmed before an authorised officer.
حقائق کا تحریری بیان جو مجاز افسر کے سامنے حلف یا اقرار کے ساتھ دیا جائے۔
Courts & procedureAfw (waiver)
عفو
Waiver of the right of qisas by an adult sane wali, with or without compensation.
عاقل بالغ ولی کا معاوضے کے ساتھ یا بغیر قصاص کا حق معاف کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 309, PPC›
(1) In the case of qatl-i-amd, an adult sane wali may, at any time and without any compensation, waive his right of qisas:
Provided that the right of qisas shall not be waived-
(a) where the Government is the wali ; or
(b) where the right of qisas vests in a minor or insane [:]
[Provided further that where the principle of fasad-fil-arz is attracted, waiver of qisas shall be subject to the provisions of section 311.]
(2) Where a victim has more than one wali, anyone of them may waive his right of qisas:
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Read the full provisionQisas & diyatAppeal
اپیل
A request to a higher court to set aside or change the decision of a lower court.
ماتحت عدالت کے فیصلے کو منسوخ یا تبدیل کرانے کے لیے اعلیٰ عدالت سے رجوع۔
Courts & procedureAppellant
اپیل کنندہ
The party who files an appeal against a judgment or order.
وہ فریق جو کسی فیصلے یا حکم کے خلاف اپیل دائر کرے۔
Courts & procedureArsh
ارش
Compensation specified in the Penal Code for hurt, payable to the victim or his heirs.
ضرر کے لیے تعزیرات پاکستان میں مقرر معاوضہ جو متاثرہ یا اس کے ورثا کو ادا ہو۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
(b) “arsh” (ارش) means the compensation specified in this Chapter to be paid to the victim or his heirs under this chapter;
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatBail
ضمانت
Release of an accused from custody on a promise, backed by sureties, to appear before the court when required.
ملزم کی اس شرط پر رہائی کہ وہ ضامنوں کی ضمانت کے ساتھ طلبی پر عدالت میں حاضر ہوگا۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. ss. 496–498Bail bond
مچلکہ
The written undertaking, with an amount, given by the accused and sureties for release on bail.
رقم کے ساتھ وہ تحریری عہد جو ملزم اور ضامن ضمانت پر رہائی کے لیے دیتے ہیں۔
Criminal lawBailable offence
قابل ضمانت جرم
An offence in which the accused is entitled to bail as of right.
وہ جرم جس میں ملزم کو ضمانت بطور حق ملتی ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 4(1)(b), s. 496Cause of action
وجہ دعویٰ
The facts that give a person the right to sue.
وہ حقائق جن کی بنا پر کسی کو دعویٰ کرنے کا حق ملتا ہے۔
Civil casesCertiorari
رٹ آف سرٹیوریری
A writ declaring an act or proceeding of a public functionary to have been done without lawful authority.
وہ رٹ جو کسی سرکاری عہدیدار کے فعل یا کارروائی کو بلا اختیار قانونی قرار دے۔
Official definition: Article 199, Constitution›
(1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,—
(a) on the application of any aggrieved party, make an order—
(i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court, functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or
(ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or
(b) on the application of any person, make an order—
(i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or
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Read the full provisionConstitutionalChallan
چالان
The police report submitted to the court on completion of investigation.
تفتیش مکمل ہونے پر پولیس کی عدالت میں پیش کردہ رپورٹ۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 173Charge
فرد جرم
The formal statement of the offence the accused is to be tried for, framed by the court.
عدالت کی طرف سے مرتب کردہ اس جرم کا باضابطہ بیان جس پر ملزم کا ٹرائل ہوگا۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. ss. 221 onwardsCheating
دھوکہ دہی
Deceiving a person and so inducing him to deliver property or do something he would not otherwise do.
کسی کو دھوکہ دے کر مال حوالے کرنے یا ایسا کام کرنے پر آمادہ کرنا جو وہ ورنہ نہ کرتا۔
Official definition: Section 415, PPC›
Whoever, by deceiving any person, fraudulently or dishonest1y induces the person so deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to consent that any person shall retain any property, or intentionally induces the person so deceived to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and which act or omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person [or any other person] in body, mind, reputation or property, is said to “cheat”.
Explanation. __ A dishonest concealment of facts is a deception within the meaning of this section.
Illustrations
(a) A, by falsely pretending to be in the Civil Service, intentionally deceives Z, and thus dishonestly induces Z to let him have on credit goods for which he does not mean, to pay. A cheats.
(b) A, by putting a counterfeit mark on an article, intentionally deceives Z into a belief that this article was made by a certain celebrated manufacturer, and thus dishonestly induces Z to buy and pay for the article. A cheats.
(c) A, by exhibiting to Z a false sample of an article, intentionally deceives Z into believing that the article corresponds with the sample, and thereby dishonestly induces Z to buy and pay for the article. A cheats.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawCognizable offence
قابل دست اندازی پولیس جرم
An offence for which the police may arrest without a warrant.
وہ جرم جس میں پولیس وارنٹ کے بغیر گرفتار کر سکتی ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 4(1)(f)Common intention
مشترکہ نیت
When several persons commit a criminal act in furtherance of their common intention, each is liable as if he had done it alone.
جب کئی افراد مشترکہ نیت سے جرم کریں تو ہر ایک اس طرح ذمہ دار ہے جیسے اس نے اکیلے کیا ہو۔
Official definition: Section 34, PPC›
[When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.]
Read the full provisionCriminal lawComplainant
مستغیث
The person who reports an offence or files a complaint.
وہ شخص جو جرم کی اطلاع دے یا استغاثہ دائر کرے۔
Criminal lawCompounding
راضی نامہ
Settlement of an offence between the victim and the accused where the law allows it, ending the case.
جہاں قانون اجازت دے وہاں متاثرہ فریق اور ملزم کے درمیان صلح جس سے مقدمہ ختم ہو جاتا ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 345Condonation of delay
تاخیر سے درگزر
The court's permission to file after the limitation period when sufficient cause for the delay is shown.
معقول وجہ ثابت ہونے پر میعاد گزرنے کے بعد دائر کرنے کی عدالتی اجازت۔
Courts & procedureLimitation Act, 1908, s. 5Contempt of court
توہین عدالت
Disobeying a court's order, or obstructing or scandalising the court; punishable by the High Courts and higher courts.
عدالتی حکم کی خلاف ورزی یا عدالت کی کارروائی میں رکاوٹ یا اس کی توہین؛ اعلیٰ عدالتیں اس پر سزا دے سکتی ہیں۔
Official definition: Article 204, Constitution›
[(1) In this Article, “Court” means the [Federal Constitutional Court or the] Supreme Court or a High Court.
(2) A Court shall have power to punish any person who—
(a) abuses, interferes with or obstructs the process of the Court in any way or disobeys any order of the Court;
(b) scandalizes the Court or otherwise does anything which tends to bring the Court or a Judge of the Court into hatred, ridicule or contempt;
(c) does anything which tends to prejudice the determination of a matter pending before the Court; or
(d) does any other thing which, by law, constitutes contempt of the Court.
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Read the full provisionCourts & procedureConviction
سزا یابی
A finding by the court that the accused is guilty.
عدالت کا یہ فیصلہ کہ ملزم قصوروار ہے۔
Criminal lawCourt fee
کورٹ فیس
The fee payable on a plaint, appeal or application, usually as stamps.
عرضی دعویٰ، اپیل یا درخواست پر قابل ادا فیس، عموماً اسٹامپ کی صورت میں۔
Civil casesCourt Fees Act, 1870Criminal breach of trust
مجرمانہ خیانت
Dishonestly misappropriating or using property entrusted to a person.
سپرد کردہ مال کو بددیانتی سے خورد برد یا استعمال کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 405, PPC›
Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or wilfully suffers any other person so to do, commits “criminal breach of trust”.
Illustrations
(a) A, being executor to the will of a deceased person, dishonestly disobeys the law which directs him to divide the effects according to the will, and appropriates them to his own use. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(b) A is a warehouse-keeper. Z, going on a journey, entrusts his furniture to A, under a contract that it shall be returned on payment of a stipulated sum for warehouse-room. A dishonestly sells the goods. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(c) A, residing in [Dacca], is agent for Z, residing at [Lahore]. There is an express or implied contract between A and Z, that all sums remitted by Z to A shall be invested by A, according to Z’s direction. Z, remits a lakh of rupees to A, with directions to A to invest the same in Company’s paper. A dishonestly disobeys the directions and employs the money in his own business. A has committed criminal breach of trust.
(d) But if A, in the last illustration, not dishonestly but in good faith, believing that it will be more for Z’s advantage to hold shares in the Bank of Bengal, disobeys Z’s directions, and buys shares in the Bank of Bengal, for Z, instead of buying Company’s paper, here, though Z should suffer loss, and should be entitled to bring a civil action against A, on account of that loss, yet A, not having acted dishonestly, has not committed criminal breach of trust.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawCriminal conspiracy
مجرمانہ سازش
An agreement between two or more persons to do an illegal act, or a legal act by illegal means.
دو یا زیادہ افراد کا کوئی غیر قانونی کام، یا جائز کام ناجائز ذرائع سے کرنے کا معاہدہ۔
Official definition: Section 120-A, PPC›
When two or more persons agree to do, or cause to be done,
(1) an illegal act, or
(2) an act which is not illegal by illegal means, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy:
Provided that no agreement except an agreement to commit an offence shall amount to a criminal conspiracy unless some act besides the agreement is done by one or more parties to such agreement in pursuance thereof.
Explanation. __ It is immaterial whether the illegal act is the ultimate object of such agreement, or is merely incidental to that object.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawCriminal intimidation
مجرمانہ دھمکی
Threatening a person with injury to cause alarm or to make him do or not do something.
کسی کو خوفزدہ کرنے یا کوئی کام کرانے یا روکنے کے لیے نقصان کی دھمکی دینا۔
Official definition: Section 503, PPC›
Whoever threatens another with any injury to his person, reputation or property, or to the person or reputation of any one in whom that person is interested, with intent to cause alarm to that person, or to cause that person to do any act which he is not legally bound to do, or to omit to do any act which that person is legally entitled to do, as the means of avoiding the execution of such threat, commits criminal intimidation.
Explanation. __ A threat to injure the reputation of any deceased person in whom the person threatened is interested, is within this section.
Illustration A, for the purpose of inducing B to desist from prosecuting a civil suit, threatens to burn B’s house. A is guilty of criminal intimidation.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawCriminal trespass
مجرمانہ مداخلت بے جا
Entering or remaining on another's property with intent to commit an offence, intimidate, insult or annoy.
جرم، دھمکی، توہین یا تنگ کرنے کی نیت سے کسی کی جائیداد میں داخل ہونا یا رہنا۔
Official definition: Section 441, PPC›
Whoever enters into or upon property in the possession of another with intent to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult or annoy any person in possession of such property, or, having lawfully entered into or upon such property, unlawfully remains therewith intent thereby to intimidate, insult or annoy any such person, or with intent to commit an offence, is said to commit “criminal trespass”.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawCross-examination
جرح
Questioning of a witness by the opposite party.
مخالف فریق کی طرف سے گواہ سے سوالات۔
Courts & procedureCustody (hizanat)
حضانت
The right to keep and bring up a minor child; decided according to the welfare of the minor.
نابالغ بچے کو اپنے پاس رکھنے اور پرورش کا حق؛ فیصلہ بچے کی بہبود کے مطابق ہوتا ہے۔
FamilyGuardians and Wards Act, 1890, s. 25Dacoity
ڈکیتی
Robbery committed by five or more persons together.
پانچ یا زیادہ افراد کا مل کر راہزنی کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 391, PPC›
When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery, or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit a robbery, and persons present and aiding such commission or attempt, amount to five or more every person so committing, attempting or aiding, is said to commit “dacoity”.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawDaman
ضمان
Compensation fixed by the court for hurt that is not liable to arsh.
ایسے ضرر کے لیے عدالت کا مقرر کردہ معاوضہ جس پر ارش لاگو نہ ہو۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
(d) “daman” (ضمان) means the compensation determined by the court to be paid by the offender to the victim for causing hurt not liable to arsh (ارش) ;
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatDeclaration
استقرار حق
A decree declaring a person's legal character or right to property.
وہ ڈگری جو کسی کی قانونی حیثیت یا جائیداد میں حق کا اعلان کرے۔
Civil casesSpecific Relief Act, 1877, s. 42Decree
ڈگری
The formal expression of the court's decision that conclusively determines the parties' rights in a suit.
عدالتی فیصلے کا باضابطہ اظہار جو دعوے میں فریقین کے حقوق کا حتمی تعین کرتا ہے۔
Civil casesC.P.C. s. 2(2)Decree-holder / judgment-debtor
ڈگری دار / مدیون ڈگری
The person in whose favour a decree is passed, and the person against whom it is to be executed.
وہ شخص جس کے حق میں ڈگری ہو، اور وہ جس کے خلاف اس پر عمل ہونا ہو۔
Civil casesDefamation
ازالہ حیثیت عرفی
Making or publishing an imputation intending to harm, or knowing it will harm, a person's reputation.
کسی کی ساکھ کو نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت یا علم کے ساتھ الزام لگانا یا شائع کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 499, PPC›
Whoever by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said, except in the cases hereinafter excepted, to defame that person [.]
(2) * * * * * * *
Explanation 1. __ It may amount to defamation to impute anything to a deceased person, if the imputation would harm the reputation of that person if living, and is intended to be hurtful to the feelings of his family or other near relatives.
Explanation 2. __ It may amount to defamation to make an imputation concerning a company or an association or collection of persons as such.
Explanation 3. __ An imputation in the form of an alternative or expressed ironically, may amount to defamation.
Explanation 4. __ No imputation is said to harm a person’s reputation, unless that imputation directly or indirectly, in the estimation of others, lowers the moral or intellectual character of that person, or lowers the character of that person in respect of his caste or of his calling, or lowers the credit of that person, or causes it to be believed that the body of that person is in a loath some state, or in a state generally considered as disgraceful.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawDefendant
مدعا علیہ
The person against whom a civil suit is filed.
وہ شخص جس کے خلاف دیوانی دعویٰ دائر کیا جائے۔
Civil casesDishonestly
بددیانتی سے
Doing something with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another.
کسی کو ناجائز فائدہ یا کسی دوسرے کو ناجائز نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت سے کوئی کام کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 24, PPC›
Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly".
Read the full provisionCriminal lawDiyat
دیت
Compensation payable to the heirs of the victim, as specified in the Penal Code.
مقتول کے ورثا کو قابل ادا معاوضہ جو تعزیرات پاکستان میں مقرر ہے۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
(e) “diyat” (دیت) means the compensation specified in section 323 payable to the heirs of the victim;
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatDower (haq mehr)
حق مہر
The amount or property the husband gives or promises to the wife on marriage; it is her right.
وہ رقم یا جائیداد جو شوہر نکاح پر بیوی کو دیتا یا دینے کا وعدہ کرتا ہے؛ یہ بیوی کا حق ہے۔
FamilyDowry articles
جہیز
Property given to the bride in connection with marriage; it belongs to her.
شادی کے سلسلے میں دلہن کو دیا گیا سامان؛ یہ اسی کی ملکیت ہے۔
FamilyDowry and Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act, 1976Due process of law
قانون کے مطابق سلوک
Every person's right to be dealt with in accordance with law.
ہر شخص کا یہ حق کہ اس سے قانون کے مطابق سلوک کیا جائے۔
Official definition: Article 4, Constitution›
(1) To enjoy the protection of law and to be treated in accordance with law is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be, and of every other person for the time being within Pakistan.
(2) In particular–
(a) no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law;
(b) no person shall be prevented from or be hindered in doing that which is not prohibited by law; and
(c) no person shall be compelled to do that which the law does not required him to do.
Read the full provisionConstitutionalEasement
حق آسائش
A right to use another's land for a limited purpose, such as a right of way.
کسی دوسرے کی زمین محدود مقصد کے لیے استعمال کرنے کا حق، جیسے راستے کا حق۔
Property & rentEasements Act, 1882Ejectment
بے دخلی
Removal of a tenant from rented premises by order of the Rent Tribunal or Controller.
رینٹ ٹریبونل یا کنٹرولر کے حکم سے کرایہ دار کو جگہ سے نکالنا۔
Property & rentEvidence
شہادت
Statements of witnesses and documents produced to prove or disprove facts.
گواہوں کے بیانات اور دستاویزات جو حقائق ثابت یا رد کرنے کے لیے پیش کی جائیں۔
Courts & procedureQanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984Ex parte
یکطرفہ
Proceedings or a decision in the absence of one party, usually after it fails to appear.
ایک فریق کی غیر حاضری میں ہونے والی کارروائی یا فیصلہ۔
Courts & procedureExecution
اجرائے ڈگری
Enforcement of a decree through the court.
عدالت کے ذریعے ڈگری پر عمل درآمد۔
Civil casesC.P.C. Order XXIExtortion
بھتہ خوری
Dishonestly inducing a person, by putting him in fear of injury, to deliver property.
کسی کو نقصان کا خوف دلا کر بددیانتی سے مال حوالے کرنے پر مجبور کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 383, PPC›
Whoever intentionally puts any person in fear of any injury to that person, or to any other, and thereby dishonestly induces the person so put in fear to deliver to any person any property or valuable security or anything signed or sealed which may be converted into a valuable security, commits “extortion”.
Illustrations
(a) A threatens to publish a defamatory libel concerning Z unless Z gives him money. He thus induces Z to give him money. A has committed extortion.
(b) A threatens Z that he will keep Z’s child in wrongful confinement unless Z will sign and deliver to A a promissory note binding Z to pay certain money to A. Z signs and delivers the note. A has committed extortion.
(c) A threatens to send clubmen to plough up Z’s field unless Z will sign and deliver to B a bond binding Z under a penalty to deliver certain produce to B, and thereby induces Z to sign and deliver the bond. A has committed extortion.
(d) A, by putting Z in fear of grievous hurt, dishonestly induces Z to sign or affix his seal to a blank paper and deliver it to A. Z signs and delivers the paper to A.
…
Read the full provisionCriminal lawFair trial
منصفانہ سماعت
The right to a fair trial and due process in the determination of civil rights and criminal charges.
دیوانی حقوق اور فوجداری الزامات کے تعین میں منصفانہ سماعت اور ضابطہ کار کا حق۔
Official definition: Article 10A, Constitution›
[For the determination of his civil rights and obligations or in any criminal charge against him a person shall be entitled to a fair trial and due process.]
Read the full provisionConstitutionalFasad-fil-arz
فساد فی الارض
Circumstances such as past conduct, brutality, danger to the community or killing in the name of honour, defined for qisas and qatl cases.
ماضی کا کردار، سفاکی، معاشرے کے لیے خطرہ یا غیرت کے نام پر قتل جیسے حالات، جن کی تعریف قصاص و قتل کے مقدمات کے لیے کی گئی ہے۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
[(ee) “fasad-fil-arz” includes the past conduct of the offender or whether he has any previous conviction or the brutal or shocking manner in which the offence has been committed which is outrageous to the public conscience or if the offender is considered a potential danger to the community or if the offence has been committed in the name or on the pretext of honour;]
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatFirst Information Report (FIR)
ابتدائی اطلاعی رپورٹ
The information about a cognizable offence recorded by the police officer in charge of a police station; it sets the investigation in motion.
قابل دست اندازی جرم کی وہ اطلاع جو تھانے کا انچارج درج کرتا ہے اور جس سے تفتیش شروع ہوتی ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 154Fraudulently
دھوکہ دہی سے
Doing something with intent to defraud.
دھوکہ دینے کی نیت سے کوئی کام کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 25, PPC›
A person is said to do a thing fraudulently if he does that thing with intent to defraud but not otherwise.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawFundamental Rights
بنیادی حقوق
The rights guaranteed in Chapter 1 of Part II of the Constitution (Articles 8 to 28); laws inconsistent with them are void.
آئین کے حصہ دوم باب اول (آرٹیکل 8 تا 28) میں دیے گئے حقوق؛ ان سے متصادم قوانین کالعدم ہیں۔
Official definition: Article 8, Constitution›
(1) Any law, or any custom or usage having the force of law, in so far as it is inconsistent with the rights conferred by this Chapter, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
(2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights so conferred and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of such contravention, be void.
(3) The Provisions of this Article shall not apply to–
(a) any law relating to members of the Armed Forces, or of the police or of such other forces as are charged with the maintenance of public order, for the purpose of ensuring the proper discharge of their duties or the maintenance of discipline among them; or
[(b) any of the –
(i) laws specified in the First Schedule as in force immediately before the commencing day or as amended by any of the laws specified in that Schedule ;
…
Read the full provisionConstitutionalGood faith
نیک نیتی
Something is done in good faith only if done with due care and attention.
کوئی کام نیک نیتی سے صرف اس وقت سمجھا جاتا ہے جب پوری احتیاط اور توجہ سے کیا جائے۔
Official definition: Section 52, PPC›
Nothing is said to be done or believed in “good faith” which is done or believed without due care and attention.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawGuardian
ولی / سرپرست
A person who has the care of a minor's person or property, or both.
وہ شخص جس کے ذمے نابالغ کی ذات یا جائیداد یا دونوں کی نگہداشت ہو۔
FamilyGuardians and Wards Act, 1890Habeas corpus
حبس بے جا کی رٹ
A writ requiring a person in custody to be brought before the court so it can be satisfied the detention is lawful.
وہ رٹ جس کے ذریعے زیر حراست شخص کو عدالت میں پیش کرایا جاتا ہے تاکہ حراست کے جائز ہونے کا تعین ہو۔
Official definition: Article 199, Constitution›
(1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,—
(a) on the application of any aggrieved party, make an order—
(i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court, functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or
(ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or
(b) on the application of any person, make an order—
(i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or
…
Read the full provisionConstitutionalHearing
سماعت
A sitting of the court at which a case is taken up.
عدالت کی وہ نشست جس میں مقدمہ زیر غور آتا ہے۔
Courts & procedureHurt
ضرر
Causing pain, harm, disease, infirmity or injury to a person, or impairing any part of his body.
کسی کو درد، نقصان، بیماری، کمزوری یا چوٹ پہنچانا یا جسم کے کسی حصے کو ناکارہ کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 332, PPC›
(1) Whoever causes pain, harm, disease, infirmity or injury to any person or impairs, disables 3 [, disfigures, defaces]or dismembers any organ of the body or part thereof of any person without causing his death, is said to cause hurt.
(2) The following are the kinds of hurt: __
(a) Itlafiudw; (اتلاف عضو)
(b) itlafisalahiyyatiudw; (اتلاف صلاحیت عضو)
(c) shajjah; (شجہ)
(d) jurh (جرح) ; and
…
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatIssues
تنقیحات
The disputed questions of fact and law framed by the court for decision.
حقائق اور قانون کے متنازعہ سوالات جو عدالت فیصلے کے لیے مرتب کرتی ہے۔
Civil casesC.P.C. Order XIVJudgment
فیصلہ
The court's statement of the grounds of its decision.
عدالت کا وہ بیان جس میں فیصلے کی وجوہات درج ہوں۔
Courts & procedureC.P.C. s. 2(9)Jurisdiction
اختیار سماعت
The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a particular kind of case or a case from a particular area.
کسی عدالت کا مخصوص نوعیت یا علاقے کے مقدمے کی سماعت اور فیصلے کا قانونی اختیار۔
Courts & procedureKhula
خلع
Dissolution of marriage at the wife's instance, ordinarily on returning benefits received from the husband.
بیوی کی درخواست پر نکاح کی تنسیخ، عموماً شوہر سے حاصل فوائد واپس کرنے پر۔
FamilyFamily Courts Act, 1964; Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939Kidnapping
اغوا
Taking a person out of Pakistan, or a minor or person of unsound mind out of lawful guardianship, without consent.
کسی کو پاکستان سے باہر لے جانا، یا نابالغ یا فاتر العقل کو جائز ولی کی رضامندی کے بغیر لے جانا۔
Official definition: Section 359, PPC›
Kidnapping is of two kinds: kidnapping from [Pakistan], and kidnapping from lawful guardianship.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawLandlord / tenant
مالک / کرایہ دار
The owner who lets premises, and the person who occupies them on rent.
جگہ کرایہ پر دینے والا مالک، اور کرایہ پر رہنے والا شخص۔
Property & rentLimitation
میعاد سماعت
The time within which a suit, appeal or application must be filed; after it expires the claim is barred.
وہ مدت جس کے اندر دعویٰ، اپیل یا درخواست دائر کرنا لازم ہے؛ اس کے بعد دعویٰ زائد المیعاد ہو جاتا ہے۔
Courts & procedureLimitation Act, 1908Locus standi
لوکس اسٹینڈائی (حق دعویٰ)
A party's standing: being an 'aggrieved person' entitled to bring the petition.
فریق کا 'متاثرہ شخص' ہونا جسے درخواست دائر کرنے کا حق ہو۔
ConstitutionalMaintainability
قابل سماعت ہونا
Whether a petition or suit can be entertained by the court at all, for example where an alternate remedy exists.
یہ سوال کہ آیا عدالت درخواست یا دعویٰ سن بھی سکتی ہے، مثلاً جب متبادل داد رسی موجود ہو۔
ConstitutionalMaintenance
نان نفقہ
Financial support a husband owes his wife, and a father his children.
وہ مالی کفالت جو شوہر پر بیوی کی اور باپ پر بچوں کی واجب ہے۔
FamilyMandamus
رٹ آف مینڈیمس
A writ directing a public functionary to do what the law requires.
وہ رٹ جس میں سرکاری عہدیدار کو قانون کے مطابق اپنا فرض ادا کرنے کی ہدایت ہو۔
Official definition: Article 199, Constitution›
(1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,—
(a) on the application of any aggrieved party, make an order—
(i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court, functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or
(ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or
(b) on the application of any person, make an order—
(i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or
…
Read the full provisionConstitutionalMovable property
منقولہ جائیداد
Corporeal property of every kind except land and things attached to the earth.
زمین اور زمین سے پیوستہ چیزوں کے سوا ہر قسم کی مادی جائیداد۔
Official definition: Section 22, PPC›
The words “Moveable property” are intended to include corporeal property of every description, except land and thing attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth.
Read the full provisionProperty & rentMutation
انتقال
An entry in the revenue record recording a change in ownership of land; it is not itself a title document.
زمین کی ملکیت میں تبدیلی کا محکمہ مال کے ریکارڈ میں اندراج؛ یہ بذات خود ملکیت کی دستاویز نہیں۔
Property & rentNon-bailable offence
ناقابل ضمانت جرم
An offence in which bail is at the court's discretion, not a right.
وہ جرم جس میں ضمانت حق نہیں بلکہ عدالت کی صوابدید ہے۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 497Offence
جرم
An act or omission made punishable by law.
وہ فعل یا ترک فعل جسے قانون نے قابل سزا قرار دیا ہو۔
Official definition: Section 40, PPC›
[Except in the [chapters] and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word "offence" denotes a thing made punishable by this Code.
In Chapter IV, [Chapter VA] and in the following sections, namely, sections [64,] [65,] [66,] [67,] [71,] 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 187, 194, 195, 203, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388, 389, and 445, the word "offence" denotes a thing punishable under this Code, or under any special or local law as hereinafter defined.
And in sections 141, 176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441 the word "offence" has the same meaning when the thing punishable under the special or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards, whether with or without fine.]
Read the full provisionCriminal lawOrder
حکم
A formal direction of the court; in civil cases, any decision that is not a decree.
عدالت کی باضابطہ ہدایت؛ دیوانی مقدمات میں ہر وہ فیصلہ جو ڈگری نہ ہو۔
Courts & procedureC.P.C. s. 2(14)Petitioner
درخواست گزار
The person who files a petition and asks the court for relief.
وہ شخص جو عدالت میں درخواست دائر کر کے داد رسی مانگتا ہے۔
Courts & procedurePlaint
عرضی دعویٰ
The written statement of the plaintiff's claim with which a civil suit begins.
مدعی کے دعوے کا تحریری بیان جس سے دیوانی مقدمہ شروع ہوتا ہے۔
Civil casesC.P.C. Order VIIPlaintiff
مدعی
The person who files a civil suit.
وہ شخص جو دیوانی دعویٰ دائر کرے۔
Civil casesPossession
قبضہ
Actual physical control of property.
جائیداد پر عملی کنٹرول۔
Property & rentPost-arrest bail
ضمانت بعد از گرفتاری
Bail granted to an accused who is already in custody.
زیر حراست ملزم کو دی جانے والی ضمانت۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 497Pre-arrest bail
ضمانت قبل از گرفتاری
Bail granted before arrest to protect a person from arrest, usually where the case is alleged to be false or mala fide.
گرفتاری سے پہلے دی جانے والی ضمانت، عموماً جب مقدمہ جھوٹا یا بدنیتی پر مبنی ہونے کا دعویٰ ہو۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 498Pre-emption
حق شفعہ
The right of a co-sharer or neighbour to buy property that has been sold, in preference to the buyer.
شریک یا ہمسائے کا فروخت شدہ جائیداد خریدار پر ترجیحاً خریدنے کا حق۔
Property & rentPrivate complaint
استغاثہ
A complaint made directly to a Magistrate or Court of Session, instead of through the police.
پولیس کے بجائے براہ راست مجسٹریٹ یا سیشن عدالت میں دائر کی گئی شکایت۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 200Proclaimed offender
اشتہاری مجرم
A person who has absconded and been publicly proclaimed by the court to appear.
وہ شخص جو مفرور ہو اور عدالت نے اشتہار کے ذریعے حاضری کا حکم دیا ہو۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 87Public servant
سرکاری ملازم
The categories of officials the Penal Code treats as public servants.
وہ سرکاری عہدیدار جنہیں تعزیرات پاکستان سرکاری ملازم قرار دیتی ہے۔
Official definition: Section 21, PPC›
The words “public servant” denote a person falling under any of the descriptions hereinafter following, namely: __ [* * * * * * *] Second. __ Every Commissioned Officer in the Military [Naval or Air] Forces of [Pakistan] while serving under [the [Federal Government] or any Provincial Government]; Third. __ Every Judge ; Fourth. __ Every officer of a Court of Justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate, or keep any document, or to take charge or dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to interpret, or to preserve order in the Court ; and every person specially authorized by a Court of Justice to perform any of such duties ; Fifth. __ Every juryman, assessor, or member of a panchayat assisting a Court of Justice or public servant ; Sixth. __ Every arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred for decision or report by any Court of Justice, or by any other competent public authority ; Seventh. __ Every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any person in confinement ; Eighth. __ Every officer of l [the Government] whose duty it is, as such officer, to prevent offences, to give information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or to protect the public health, safety or convenience ; Nineth. __ Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property on behalf of l [the Government], or to make any survey, assessment or contract on behalf of l [the Government], or to execute any revenue-process, or to investigate, or to report, on any matter affecting the pecuniary interests of l [the Government], or to make, authenticate or keep any document relating to the pecuniary interests of l [the Government], or to prevent the infraction of any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of [the Government], and every officer in the service or pay of l [the Government] or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty ; Tenth. __ Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property, to make any survey or assessment or to levy any rate or tax for any secular common purpose of any village, town or district, or to make, authenticate or keep any document for the ascertaining of the rights of the people of any village, town or district ; [Eleventh. __ Every person who holds any office in virtue of which he is empowered to prepare, publish, maintain or revise an electoral roll or to conduct an election or part of an election.]
Illustration A Municipal Commissioner is a public servant.
Explanation 1. __ Persons falling under any of the above descriptions are public servants, whether appointed by the Government or not.
Explanation 2. __ Wherever the words “public servant” occur, they shall be understood of every person who is in actual possession of the situation of a public servant, whatever legal defect there may be in his right to hold that situation.
[Explanation 3. __ The word “election” denotes an election for the purpose of selecting members of any legislative, municipal or other public authority, of whatever character, the method of selection to which is by, or under, any law prescribed as by election.]
Read the full provisionCriminal lawQatl shibh-i-amd
قتل شبہ عمد
Causing death by an act intended to harm the body, but not likely in the ordinary course to cause death.
ایسا فعل جس سے جسمانی ضرر کی نیت ہو مگر عام حالات میں موت کا امکان نہ ہو، اور موت واقع ہو جائے۔
Official definition: Section 315, PPC›
Whoever, with intent to cause harm to the body or mind of any person, causes the death of that or of any other person by means of a weapon or an act which in the ordinary course of nature is not likely to cause death is said to commit qatl-shibh-i-’amd.
Illustration A in order to cause hurt strikes Z with a stick or stone which in the ordinary course of nature is not likely to cause death. Z dies as a result of such hurt. A shall be guilty of qatl shibh-i-’amd.
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatQatl-i-amd
قتل عمد
Intentional killing: causing death with the intention of causing death or bodily injury likely to cause death.
جان بوجھ کر قتل: موت یا ایسی جسمانی ضرر کی نیت سے موت کا باعث بننا جس سے موت کا امکان ہو۔
Official definition: Section 300, PPC›
Whoever, with the intention of causing death or with the intention of causing bodily injury to a person, by doing an act which in the ordinary course of nature is likely to cause death, or with the knowledge that his act is so imminently dangerous that it must in all probability cause death, causes the death of such person, is said to commit qatl-e-amd.
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatQatl-i-khata
قتل خطا
Causing death by mistake, without intention to harm.
بغیر نیت ضرر غلطی سے موت کا باعث بننا۔
Official definition: Section 318, PPC›
Whoever, without any intention to cause the death of, or cause harm to, a person causes death of such person, either by mistake of act or by mistake of fact, is said to commit qatl-i-khata.
Illustration
(a) A aims at a deer but misses the target and kills Z who is standing by. A is guilty of qatl-i-khata.
(b) A shoots at an object to be a boar but it turns out to be a human being. A is guilty of qatl-i-khata.
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatQisas
قصاص
Punishment by causing similar hurt or death to the offender as he caused to the victim.
مجرم کو وہی ضرر یا موت دینا جو اس نے متاثرہ شخص کو پہنچائی۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
(k) “qisas” (قصاص) means punishment by causing similar hurt at the same part of the body of the convict as he has caused to the victim or by causing his death if he has committed qatl-i-amd, in exercise of the right of the victim or a wali ;
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatQuo warranto
رٹ آف کو وارنٹو
A writ requiring a person holding public office to show under what authority of law he holds it.
وہ رٹ جس میں سرکاری عہدے پر فائز شخص سے پوچھا جائے کہ وہ کس قانونی اختیار سے عہدہ رکھتا ہے۔
Official definition: Article 199, Constitution›
(1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,—
(a) on the application of any aggrieved party, make an order—
(i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court, functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or
(ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or
(b) on the application of any person, make an order—
(i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or
…
Read the full provisionConstitutionalRemand
ریمانڈ
An order keeping an arrested person in police custody (physical remand) or in jail (judicial remand) during investigation.
تفتیش کے دوران گرفتار شخص کو پولیس کی تحویل (جسمانی ریمانڈ) یا جیل (جوڈیشل ریمانڈ) میں رکھنے کا حکم۔
Criminal lawCr.P.C. s. 167Res judicata
امر مقضیہ
A matter already decided between the same parties cannot be tried again.
جو معاملہ انہی فریقین کے درمیان پہلے طے ہو چکا ہو اس کی دوبارہ سماعت نہیں ہو سکتی۔
Civil casesC.P.C. s. 11Respondent
مسئول علیہ
The person against whom a petition or appeal is filed, who must answer it.
وہ فریق جس کے خلاف درخواست یا اپیل دائر کی جائے اور جسے جواب دینا ہو۔
Courts & procedureReview
نظرثانی
A request to the same court to reconsider its own judgment, usually for an error apparent on the record.
اسی عدالت سے اپنے فیصلے پر دوبارہ غور کی درخواست، عموماً ریکارڈ پر واضح غلطی کی بنیاد پر۔
Official definition: Article 188, Constitution›
The Supreme Court shall have power, subject to the provisions of any Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] and of any rules made by the Supreme Court, to review any judgment pronounced or any order made by it.
Read the full provisionCourts & procedureRevision
نگرانی
A higher court's power to examine the record of a lower court to correct an illegality or irregularity.
اعلیٰ عدالت کا ماتحت عدالت کے ریکارڈ کا جائزہ لے کر غیر قانونی یا بے ضابطہ کارروائی درست کرنے کا اختیار۔
Courts & procedureC.P.C. s. 115; Cr.P.C. ss. 435–439Robbery
راہزنی
Theft or extortion accompanied by causing or threatening death, hurt or wrongful restraint.
چوری یا بھتہ خوری جس کے ساتھ موت، ضرر یا ناجائز روک کا ارتکاب یا دھمکی ہو۔
Official definition: Section 390, PPC›
In all robbery there is either theft or extortion.
When theft is robbery. Theft is “robbery” if, in order to the committing of the theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.
When extortion is robbery. Extortion is “robbery” if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear, and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint to that person, or to some other person, and, by so putting in fear, induces the person so put in fear then and there to deliver up the thing extorted.
Explanation. __ The offender is said to be present if he is sufficiently near to put the other person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.
Illustrations
(a) A holds Z down, and fraudulently takes Z’s money and jewels from Z’s clothes, without Z’s consent. Here A has committed theft, and, in order to the committing of that theft, has voluntarily caused wrongful restraint to Z. A has therefore committed robbery.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawSulh (compounding)
صلح
Compounding of the right of qisas by the wali on accepting badal-i-sulh.
ولی کا بدل صلح قبول کر کے قصاص کے حق پر صلح کرنا۔
Official definition: Section 310, PPC›
(1) In the case of qatl-i-amd, an adult sane wali may, at any time on accepting badal-i-sulh, compound his right of qisas:
[Provided that a female shall not be given in marriage or otherwise in badal-i-sulh] [:]
[Provided further that where the principle of fasad-fil-arz is attracted, compounding of the right of qisas shall be subject to the provisions of section 311.]
(2) Where a wali is a minor or an insane, the wali of such minor or insane wali may compound the right of qisas on behalf of such minor or insane wali:
Provided that the value of badal-i-sulh shall not be less than the value of diyat.
(3) Where the Government is the wali, it may compound the right of qisas:
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Read the full provisionQisas & diyatSummons
سمن
A court's written order requiring a person to appear before it.
عدالت کا تحریری حکم جس کے ذریعے کسی شخص کو حاضر ہونے کا کہا جائے۔
Courts & procedureSurety
ضامن
A person who guarantees that the accused will appear, and is liable on the bond if he does not.
وہ شخص جو ملزم کی حاضری کی ذمہ داری لیتا ہے اور عدم حاضری پر مچلکے کا ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔
Criminal lawTa'zir
تعزیر
Punishment other than qisas, diyat, arsh or daman.
قصاص، دیت، ارش یا ضمان کے علاوہ سزا۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
(l) “ta’zir” (تعزیر) means punishment other than qisas (قصاص), diyat (دیت), arsh (ارش) or daman (ضمان) ; and
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatTalaq
طلاق
Divorce by the husband; it takes effect under the procedure of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961.
شوہر کی طرف سے طلاق، جو مسلم عائلی قوانین آرڈیننس 1961 کے طریقہ کار کے مطابق مؤثر ہوتی ہے۔
FamilyMuslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, s. 7Temporary injunction
حکم امتناعی عارضی
An order restraining a party from doing something while the suit is pending. The applicant must show a prima facie case, balance of convenience and irreparable loss.
زیر سماعت مقدمے کے دوران کسی فریق کو کوئی کام کرنے سے روکنے کا حکم۔ درخواست گزار کو ابتدائی مقدمہ، سہولت کا توازن اور ناقابل تلافی نقصان دکھانا ہوتا ہے۔
Civil casesC.P.C. Order XXXIX rr. 1–2Theft
چوری
Dishonestly taking movable property out of another's possession without consent.
کسی کی رضامندی کے بغیر بددیانتی سے اس کے قبضے سے منقولہ مال لے جانا۔
Official definition: Section 378, PPC›
Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft.
Explanation 1. __ A thing so long as it is attached to the earth, not being moveable property, is not the subject of theft; but it becomes capable of being the subject of theft as soon as it is severed from the earth.
Explanation 2. __ A moving effected by the same act which effects the severance may be a theft.
Explanation 3. __ A person is said to cause a thing to move by removing an obstacle which prevented it from moving or by separating it from any other thing, as well as by actually moving it.
Explanation 4. __ A person, who by any means causes an animal to move, is said to move that animal, and to move everything which, in consequence of the motion so caused, is moved by that animal.
Explanation 5. __ The consent mentioned in the definition may be expressed or implied, and may be given either by the person in possession, or by any person having for that purpose authority either express or implied.
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Read the full provisionCriminal lawVakalatnama
وکالت نامہ
The document by which a client authorises an advocate to appear and act in a case.
وہ دستاویز جس کے ذریعے موکل وکیل کو مقدمے میں پیش ہونے اور کارروائی کا اختیار دیتا ہے۔
Courts & procedureWali
ولی
The person entitled to claim qisas.
وہ شخص جسے قصاص کا مطالبہ کرنے کا حق ہو۔
Official definition: Section 299, PPC›
(m) “wali” (ولی) means a person entitled to claim qisas.
Read the full provisionQisas & diyatWarrant
وارنٹ
A court's written order directing the police to arrest a person and bring him before the court.
عدالت کا تحریری حکم جس میں پولیس کو کسی شخص کو گرفتار کر کے پیش کرنے کی ہدایت ہو۔
Courts & procedureWitness
گواہ
A person who gives evidence in court about facts he or she knows.
وہ شخص جو اپنے علم میں موجود حقائق کے بارے میں عدالت میں گواہی دے۔
Courts & procedureWrit petition
رٹ پٹیشن
A petition to a High Court under Article 199 when no other adequate remedy is provided by law.
آرٹیکل 199 کے تحت ہائی کورٹ میں درخواست جب قانون میں کوئی اور مناسب داد رسی موجود نہ ہو۔
Official definition: Article 199, Constitution›
(1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,—
(a) on the application of any aggrieved party, make an order—
(i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court, functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or
(ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or
(b) on the application of any person, make an order—
(i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or
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Read the full provisionConstitutionalWritten statement
جواب دعویٰ
The defendant's written reply to the plaint.
عرضی دعویٰ کا مدعا علیہ کی طرف سے تحریری جواب۔
Civil casesC.P.C. Order VIIIWrongful confinement
حبس بے جا
Restraining a person so as to prevent him from going beyond certain limits.
کسی کو اس طرح روکنا کہ وہ مخصوص حدود سے باہر نہ جا سکے۔
Official definition: Section 340, PPC›
Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said “wrongfully to confine” that person.
Illustrations
(a) A causes Z to go within a walled space, and locks Z in. Z is than prevented from proceeding in any direction beyond the circumscribing line of wall. A wrongfully confines Z.
(b) A places men with firearms at the outlets of a building, and tells Z that they will fire at Z if Z attempts to leave the building. A wrongfully confines Z.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawWrongful gain / wrongful loss
ناجائز فائدہ / ناجائز نقصان
Gain or loss of property by unlawful means.
غیر قانونی ذرائع سے جائیداد کا حصول یا نقصان۔
Official definition: Section 23, PPC›
“Wrongful gain” is gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.
“Wrongful loss”. “Wrongful loss” is the loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing it is legally entitled.
Gaining wrongfully. Losing wrongfully. A person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of property.
Read the full provisionCriminal lawWrongful restraint
ناجائز مزاحمت
Obstructing a person so as to prevent him from going where he has a right to go.
کسی کو وہاں جانے سے روکنا جہاں جانے کا اسے حق ہو۔
Official definition: Section 339, PPC›
Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person.
Exception. __ The obstruction of a private way over land or water which a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct, is not an offence within the meaning of this section.
Illustration A obstructs a path along which Z has a right to pass, A not believing in good faith that he has a right to stop the path. Z is thereby prevented from passing. A wrongfully restrains Z.
Read the full provisionCriminal law
Plain explanations in English and Urdu are DastoorAI's summaries, not legal text. Official definitions are quoted from the Constitution and the Pakistan Penal Code.